Tuesday, May 26, 2009

Maternity Postpartum Pads Best

Aachen & Salerno

The cultural education exchange between the "Francis-Gymnasium" Vossenack and the Istituto Superiore "Alfano I" - Partnership since 2003 - has the joint project "Historical joint traces in the regions of North Rhine-Westphalia and Campania," the goal;
Of particular interest are the cities of Aachen and Salerno, seats and environments of the two high schools are. Audience and participants of the project were the students of the Instituto Superiore "Alfano I" along with their German partners
attributed, and as teachers for the project proposal were Professor Enza Guida (FS German), and Prof Helmuth Feuerriegel (FS English) German partner school provided.
The participants of the school exchanges have taken the opportunity to participate in an international cultural education. It was placed on the teaching of both linguistic and cultural skills - as a common traces of European culture - as well as the mediation of tolerance and respect for other peoples and cultures. The perception of their own history and various historical eras, the two regions have in common was the main target, expand their own cultural boundaries and to increase awareness of own Belonging to Europe, was a further goal. should
on linguistic-communicative level the studied foreign languages (English and German) for the deepening of knowledge and applied to other possible cultural connections and to perform simple text productions, which are the historic sites of interest and culture of the two regions and illustrate.
The education project has received high cultural value due to the approval of side of the Ufficio della Regione Campania Scolastico and financial support of 50% of the costs (for travel, reception of guests, excursions, entrance fees).

Bloated After Food Poisioning

partner italiani__Partner tedeschi

Prof.ssa Enza Guida__Prof. Helmuth Feuerriegel

Nardella Giovanni__Breuer Peter
Santo Nicola Ramona__Cremer Vera
Iuliano__Falter Marina Michela Milano
Nello__Koch Ingo
Gerardo__Schöller Andy Martin
Foresti Alessandra__Düsseldorf Jennifer
Daniele De Daniela__Lauscher Kiara
Franciscis Cecilia__Schröder Pia
Dabraio Antonio__Hermanns Rene
Saporito Maria Vera Cristina__Greuel
Scorzelli Maria__Hild Elina
Crivelli Bianca__Scholl
Carina Di Donato Fabio__Huppertz
Alex Marchese Susanne Sara__Konrad
De Rosa Maria Carina Rosaria__Scholl
Knights Vito__Huppertz Bjoern






Friday, May 22, 2009

Do Surenos Like Crips

Aachen - border town with Belgium and the Netherlands

Aachen and the triangle are inseparable. The westernmost city in Germany, South Limburg in the Netherlands and eastern Belgium together form a region, how could they not be European. The people here live in close proximity to each other but their value and maintain their respective needs.
Aachen is a friendly and welcoming city in which it maintains an almost Mediterranean lifestyle. Of particular interest is the intact old town and the center: Aachen Cathedral, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. He is from the year 800 and was built by Emperor Charles as part of the Imperial Palace. Aachen is a spa town and is actually Aachen. On the designation of "Bad" but without the Aachen, to match with their double-A are always the first in alphabetical lists. Aachen's hot springs and their healing properties led to the legend that Charlemagne built his palace in Aachen. The Elisenbrunnen Aachen's water temple. The Celts and the Romans appreciated the healing properties of thermal water. You can drink the Aachen thermal water, but apply it externally. It helps, among other things, rheumatic and joint diseases. Since 17 Century emperors and kings came to Aachen. Here was the fashion to cures.
After Charles was named the Charlemagne Prize, awarded in Aachen. Every year since 1950, the prestigious award of a personality or a awarded institution that has made outstanding contributions to European unity. The Aachen feel European and keep the European ideal of peace and understanding in honor. More than 30,000 students characterize the atmosphere and the city of Aachen. The RWTH as a university of excellence has an excellent reputation for teaching and research. Aachen is a city for lovers, nationally known, Aachener Printen, not just for Christmas a tasty pastry. Aachen is famous as a rider city - every year the city a mecca for riders from all over the world, then held the CHIO, the world's largest equestrian event.
Aachen is a green city with quite rural districts. And fast is one of the country, surrounded by meadows and fields in Belgium and the Netherlands. East Belgium and the Netherlands Limburg idyllic rural regions. East Belgium is characterized by gently rolling hills, beautiful farms of broken stone. Eupen is the capital of the region. Only 18,000 people live in the town, and it's seat of government. The Prime Minister of the 'German-speaking Community " and three ministers have their official residence. Eupen has beautiful patrician houses, which date from the heyday of the cloth makers. Sundays Flohmarkttag in Belgium and in the summer month in Aachen. A visit is part of the Sunday ritual for many. The nice flea markets in the region are legendary, here you can always find something unusual.
(wdr)

History of Aachen, Germany
The city of Aachen (pronounced "AH-ken" and also known as Aix-la-Chapelle), in western Germany, is best known for its association with Charlemagne and subsequent Holy Roman emperors. And thanks to the well-preserved Aachen Cathedral with its treasury of relics, the city remains a popular destination for Christian pilgrims and tourists alike.
The Romans who first settled the site of modern Aachen named the hot springs there Aquisgranum. The name probably derives from the Celtic god of water and health. After Roman times, the area was mostly abandoned.
In 768 AD, Emperor Charlemagne visited and was impressed with the springs. In 788, he began construction on his imperial palace, and in 790 work began on the Aachen Cathedral.
Charlemagne made Aachen his second home, and the city quickly became an important cultural centre. During his lifetime, Charlemagne collected relics to store in the cathedral's treasury, and upon his death in 814 he was himself buried within its walls. From 936 AD to 1531, Aachen Cathedral was the coronation site of the Holy Roman emperors, and, especially after Charlemagne was canonized in 1165, Aachen became an important destination for pilgrims.
Aachen's importance began to decline in the 16th century, primarily because its location became an inconvenient as the German capital. In the 1560s, the coronation site was moved to Frankfurt am Main.
The Reformation was also a time of tension between Catholics and Protestants in the city. Protestant ideas were first preached in Aachen in 1524 by Albrecht von Muenster, but he was soon forbidden to preach and executed on two counts of murder. A Protestant community was gradually established in the city, however, and an uprising in 1581 led to the election of a Protestant governor in defiance of the empire.
The city fell under imperial ban in 1597 and Catholicism was restored in 1600. Another Protestant uprising in 1611 drove out the Catholic officials, the city was put under imperial ban once again, and many Protestants were exiled. In 1656, Aachen suffered a devastating fire that destroyed over 4000 houses and added to the city's troubles.
Despite its decline, Aachen was the site of several important peace conferences, including those ending the War of Devolution (1668) and the War of the Austrian Succession (1748). Both the treaties, negotiated primarily between France and Britain, are known as the "Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle" (using the French name for Aachen).
Aachen was annexed by France in 1801 and given to Prussia after the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). In 1821, a papal bull dissolved the bishopric of Aachen and transferred most of its territory to the archdiocese of Cologne. In 1825, a collegiate chapter of one provost and six canons replaced the bishopric, which is why Aachen's Palatine Chapel is sometimes known as the Collegiate Church.
Aachen was briefly occupied by its Belgian neighbours after World War I and it suffered extensive damage in World War II. On October 20, 1944, Aachen became the first large German city to fall to the Allies.
Today, Aachen is a major railway junction, an industrial centre, and a significant tourist destination. It has a population of about 257,000 people. Aachen is known in French (and to many English speakers) as Aix-la-Chapelle and in Italian as Aquisgrana (reflecting its earlier Latin name).

Organizations Which Help People

Salerno

Salerno is situated in the middle of two coasts, the Amalfi and Cilento coasts. In 194 b.C. it was a Roman colony and was named Salernum.The city made progress and also enriched its culture and its traditions during the occupation of Goths, Byzantines, Longobards and Normans.The Goths were defeated by the Greeks whose domination lastes 15 years (from 53 to 568), up to Longobards invaded almost the whole peninsula.In 786 Arechi II, a Longobard prince, transferred the seat of the Dukedom of Benevento to Salerno, in order to elude Charlemagne's offensive and to secure himself the control of a strategic area, the centre of coastal and internal communications in Campania. With Arechi II, Salerno knew great splendour becoming a centre of studies with its famous Medical School. The Longobard prince ordered the city to be fortified; the Castle on the Bonadies mountain had alredy been built with walls and towers so from 839 the new capital was seat of a principality and powerful political centre.On December 13th 1076 the Norman conqueror Roberto il Guiscardo captures Salerno putting an end to the many-centuried Longobard domain.In this period the royal palace (Castel Terracena) and the magnificent Cathedral were built and science was boosted as the Salerno Medical School, considered the most ancient medical institution of European West, reached its maximum splendour.With the accession to the throne of Swabians, at the end of the 12th century, there was a period of economic revival in the city.By following the advice of Giovanni da Procida, a famous citizen of that time, Manfredi, Federico II's son, ordered a dock that still now has his name, to be built.From the 14th century onwards, most of the Salerno province became the territory of the Princes of Sanseverino, powerful feudatories, who acted as real owners of the Region. They accumulated an enormus political and administrative power and attracted artists and men of letters inside their own royal palace. In the 15th century the city was the scene of battles between Angevin and Aragonese heirs with whom the local princes took sides alternatively.In the first decades of the 16th century the last descendant of the Sanseverino princes was in conflict with the English Government, causing the ruin of the whole family and the beginning of a long period of decadence for the city.The years 1656, 1688 and 1694 represent sorrowful dates for Salerno: the plague and the earthquake which caused many victims.A slow renewal of the city occurred in the 18th century with the end of the English empire and the construction of many refined houses and churches characterising the main streets of the historical centre.In 1799 Salerno joined the Parthenopean Republic. During the Napoleonic period Giuseppe Bonaparte and then Gioacchino Murat ascended the throne. The latter issued the decree of soppression of the Salerno Medical School, that had been declining for decades to the level of a theoretical School.In the same period even the religious Orders were suppressed and numerous ecclesiastical properties were confiscated.The city expanded beyond the ancient walls and sea connections were potentiated as they represented an important road network that crossed the town connecting the eastern plain with the area leading to Vietri and Naples.After the Unity of Italy a slow urban development continued, many suburban areas were enlarged and large public and private buildings were created. The city went on developing till the Second World War. In September 1943, Salerno was the scene of the landing of the allies and from February 12th to July 17th 1944 it gave hospitality to the Government of Badoglio.The post-war period was difficult for all the Italian cities, managed to Improve Salerno But little by little and to aim at Becoming a modern European city. In recent years the town administration has taken great strides in giving great impulse to the revaluation of the whole urban territory.The Rewal of the historical center Has Been Directed Towards the rediscovery of the artistic and cultural treasures of an Exceptional land.

History of Salerno
The first documented settlement in the territory of Salerno, dates from the sixth century BC, it is a center-Osco Etruscan Irno which stood on the river not far from the coast as a strategic point for lines of communication at the time. In the fifth century BC, with the retreat of the Etruscans from Italy south, the settlement was occupied by the Samnites.
was founded in 197 BC the Roman colony on the coast of Salernum. The city expanded during the reign of Diocletian, and became the administrative center. Bruzio and province of Lucania. In 646 Salerno
fell and became part of the Lombard Duchy of Benevento. In 774 Prince Arechi II transferred the court and in 839 the principality of Salerno, Benevento became independent from the acquisition of the territories of the Principality of Capua, Calabria and Puglia up to Taranto.
The reality of the city was characterized by a multicultural environment, the principle was in fact a buffer state between the papacy and the empire, on the one hand, and the East Byzantine and Islamic worlds on the other. This policy framework, however, also contributed to some instability.
From a commercial standpoint, even for very close and powerful means of Amalfi, the town was connected to the most remote coasts of the Mediterranean.
In this context, emerged around the ninth century, the School of Medicine, which according to tradition founded by four teachers: an Arab, a jew, a Latin and greek. The school was the first institution for the teaching of medicine in the Western world and enjoys enormous prestige throughout the Middle Ages. The city was a must for those who want to learn the art of medicine or seek treatment from his famous doctors. This reputation earned him the title of Salerno Hippocratica civitas, under which the city still boasts in his arms. Between the tenth and the twelfth century the city experienced the most prosperous period in its history, affluence Salernum was the phrase coined coins testify to the splendor.
In 1076 Robert Guiscard conquered Salerno became the capital of domains or of the Norman duchy of Puglia and Calabria (the title previously belonged to Melfi), which included all of southern Italy. In this period the cathedral was built in Arab-Norman style.
In 1127 the capital of the kingdom went to Palermo, but Salerno was one of the most important cities of the Kingdom of Sicily. With the advent of the Swabians, and as a result of the Anjou and Aragonese the city began to lose importance due to the growing importance of the near Naples.
Contemporary History
In September 1943, during World War II, the city was the scene of the so-called Salerno landing or operation Avalanche: With this operation the allies from accessing the Tyrrhenian coast of the Italian peninsula and opened the way to advance towards Rome. In the period following the landing the city hosted the first post-fascist governments of Italy and the royal family, becoming de facto capital of Italy until the liberation of Rome (mid-August 1944).

history of Salerno
Salerno (in the ancient Salernum (Latin) is a port city on the Gulf of Salerno, southern Italy, capital of the province of Salerno, in Campania. The population is 140,580 (as of 31 December 2007).
Salerno is the Archbishop's seat and since 1970 University City. In the Middle Ages the city for its medical school famous. Outstanding buildings are the Castello di Arechi derived in part from Norman times, and the cathedral with its mighty tower . Here is the tomb of Saint Gregory VII, and probably also the Evangelist Matthew.
Salerno was originally a Greek settlement in the 2nd Century BC Roman colony. In the 9th
Century AD it was capital of an independent Lombard principality of Salerno, which originated from the Duchy of Benevento.
1077 conquered the Normans the city. Under the rule of the Norman Duke Robert Guiscard she experienced an economic boom. A scientific boom brought the medieval school of Salerno .
succeeded in World War II the Allies in 1943 south of the Salerno landings in Italy. Which the withdrawal of Italy went out of the fascist alliance (the Axis or the Anti-Comintern Pact) in July and the armistice on 8 September advance. The main industrial products of the city are machinery, food and textiles.

Cathouse And Isabella Soprano

Aachen Cathedral

Only in Aachen there is a building that so closely with Charlemagne connected: his palace chapel, in a different context, Mary's Church, Collegiate Church, Munster called the Aachen Cathedral. This structure is one of the best preserved monuments of the Carolingian period, its historical significance is as undisputed as its important role in the European architectural history. The manifestation of a "New Rome" - Charlemagne dreamed the Great A reality, as he faced the end of the 8th Century transformed his father's royal court in Aachen in a palace of the rank of an imperial residence. Where the City Hall, he left his palatium, built his palace. For the Christian king, it was natural that he built next to his residence and a church. Already under Charlemagne's father Pippin, a small Christian church was erected on the altar stood is now the Emperor Charles Palatine Chapel. His contemporaries have taken the "beautiful and admirable work of the Church" directly due to the influence of Charlemagne. Odo of Metz, the architect succeeded in the religious and political thought of Charles the Great based on Western and Eastern Roman building traditions masterfully transformed into a unique building. The Aachen Mary's Church is the earliest large dome-vaulted building north of the Alps and remains in this part of Europe for four centuries, the highest vaulted interior.

Ad Aquisgrana c'è una costruzione che è strettamente legata a Carlo Magno la sua Pfalzkappelle, detta anche Mary's Church, Collegiate Church cioè il Duomo Aquisgrana Tues. Questa costruzione è il miglior monumento del periodo che ci è carolingio pervenuto. Il suo significato storico è sicuramente per la sua indiscutibile nella storia testimonianza dell'Architettura European Union.
This cathedral was supposed to represent the second Charlemagne, the manifestation of "New Rome", he wanted his dream to become reality, when towards the end of 'the eighth century palace transformed into a palace residence of his kingdom. Charlemagne began the construction of the chapel in 786. At his death he was buried in the cathedral where the remains are still kept in a casket.
Where today is the Town Hall, Rathaus, he built his Pfalz his Palatium. For Christianity was clear that a residence next to the building of a church, the Carolingian octagon is central, west choir of the Gothic style, to the east are the side chapels.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne lived from 768 to 814th
AD 800th represented the peak of the power of Charles the Great dar. again asked Pope Leo III. for help, a conspiracy against the Roman nobility. At the Christmas service this Karl was crowned emperor in the Byzantine rite. The imperial title symbolized the actual power relations, and strengthened his position as leader of the Western Christian West has become. Emperor Charlemagne was constantly traveling through his realm area and rested on the royal / imperial palaces and courtyards, to speak to local law and to receive ambassadors. Karl's favorite palace, Aachen.

Karl the Great and
Aachen in Aachen, there is only a building that is so closely connected with the Emperor Charles the Great: his Palatine Chapel, Aachen Cathedral. This structure is one of the best preserved monuments of Karolingerzeit.Ein "New Rome" - Charlemagne dreamed can be the great reality, as he transformed the royal court in Aachen in an imperial residence. For the Christian king, it was natural that he built next to his residence and a church. Odo of Metz, the architect was able to implement the religious and political thought of Charles the Great in a unique building. The Aachen Mary's Church is the earliest large dome-vaulted Bau nördlich der Alpen und bleibt in diesem Teil Europas für vier Jahrhunderte der höchste gewölbte Innenraum.
His empire became far greater than
Charlemagne's empire became far greater than the Byzantine, surpassed in scope only by the realm of the Abbasid caliphate, but suddenly Germany had to protect itself against the Norse, who raided the Frisian coast, and Slavs bent on murderous rampages. Because of this danger, he divided his empire in 806 among his three sons: Pepin, Louis, and Karl. Pepin died in 810, Karl in 811,and only Louis remained. In 813, Louis was elevated from the rank of king to that of emperor, and his father, by then age 72 and in the 47th year of his reign, said: “Blessed be Thou, O Lord God, Who hast granted me the grace to see with my own eyes my son seated on my throne!” Four months later, Karl der Grosse died and was buried under the dome of the cathedral at Aachen, dressed in his imperial robes. He was Carolus Magnus, Karl der Grosse, Charlemagne.
Charlemagne both led and sent his armies far. He subdued the unruly Saxon heathens, giving them a choice between baptism or death, supposedly resulting in the beheading of 4,500 of them in one day. He drove back the advancing Slavs, defeated the Avars, and by the thirty-fourth year of his reign, he could resign himself to peace until his death in 814. He bestowed a governmental structure and unifying faith upon Western Europe which had been torn by religious and political strife for years, and he managed to bring all of the people between the Vistula and the Atlantic, the Baltic and the Pyrenees, nearly all of Italy and much of the Balkans under his rule.
Through the Capitulare missorum, the people of Francia had their own guarantee of equality, justice and freedom from tyranny four centuries before England’s Magna Carta was established. Under Charlemgane's enlightened rule, conscientious effort was made to change barbarism into civilization through legislation pertaining to most aspects of civilized living from religion to government. A great bridge was built across the Rhine at Mainz to produce active trade, a stable currency was maintained and a system of welfare was created and paid for by taxation on the nobles and the clergy.
He called in foreign scholars to restore the schools of France and to teach a school that he organized in the royal palace at Aachen. He sent to England and elsewhere for teachers, and soon the palace school was an active center of study and the birthplace of educational reform that spread throughout the realm. Even Charlemagne and his family were eager pupils. While he studied Latin, he continued to speak German, and he compiled German grammar and specimens of early German poetry. He imported scholars, and out of his schools came the university system of Europe. Charlemagne was profusely generous to the Church, of which he was the master, yet he also had open negotiations with Moslem rulers suggesting fair treatment of their respective minority populations.
What we know as the Holy Roman Empire was born of a noble vision of world peace, order and civilization. German rulers of the 19th century were enamored of the memory of Charlemagne. In 1843, Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV had Charlemagne's tomb opened. His bones were still intact, except for part of the right arm, and his living height was calculated just over 6 feet. In 1861, 1874, and finally 1906 it was opened again. His throne, left Einhard's "The Life of Charlemagne"1880: "Charles was large and strong, and of lofty stature, though not disproportionately tall (his height is well known to have been seven times the length of his foot); the upper part of his head was round, his eyes very large and animated, nose a little long, hair fair, and face laughing and merry. Thus his appearance was always stately and dignified, whether he was standing or sitting; although his neck was thick and somewhat short, and his belly rather prominent; but the symmetry of the rest of his body concealed these defects. His gait was firm, his whole carriage manly, and his voice clear, but not so strong as his size led one to expect. His health was excellent, except during the four years preceding his death, when he was subject to frequent fevers; at the last he even limped a little with one foot. Even in those years he consulted rather his own inclinations than the advice of physicians, who were almost hateful to him, because they wanted him to give up roasts, to which he was accustomed, and to eat boiled meat instead. In accordance with the national custom, he took frequent exercise on horseback and in the chase, accomplishments in which scarcely any people in the world can equal the Franks. He enjoyed the exhalations from natural warm springs, and often practised swimming, in which he was such an adept that none could surpass him; and hence it was that he built his palace at Aixla-Chapelle, and lived there constantly during his latter years until his death. He used not only to invite his sons to his bath, but his nobles and friends, and now and then a troop of his retinue or body guard, so that a hundred or more persons sometimes bathed with him."
He was so fond of his six daughters that he talked them out of marriage, and they consequently consoled themselves with a variety of love affairs and bore many illegitimate children, which Charlemagne accepted with affection, since he himself had four successive wives and five mistresses or concubines who bore him eighteen children, of whom only eight were legitimate. He was said to be moderate in his eating and drinking, loathed drunkenness, and maintained good health. He rarely entertained, and instead enjoyed music and a good book. He had almost a clairvoyant intelligence, extreme vitality, unbridled enthusiasm for science, law, literature, and theology; he mocked superstition yet sometimes employed soothsayers. He spoke directly and honestly, and could be ruthless when required, especially in regard to spreading Christianity. Yet, he was at the same time kind, charitable and emotional.
The Moslem governor of Barcelona asked for his help in defeating the caliph of Cordova, another Moslem, and in the year 777, Karl led the army across the Pyrenees until he realized he had been deceived. As he led his army back through the mountains, the Basques attacked his rear guard and killed nearly every man in the squad led by Karl's nephew Roland, a battle later immortalized in song and story. In 795, Karl returned and conquered part of northeast Spain before again assaulting the persistent Lombards in Italy, a feat for which Pope Leo III crowned him Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day in 800 AD.
Charlemagne made military service a condition of owning land and created a system of knighthood and noblemen, along with a whole code of moral behavior in order to build a strong military. Building upon the Roman system of feudalism, Charlemagne enabled this new noble military class to ensure the well-being of serfs who would in turn provide and supply the needs of the nobleman and his militarily. In this well planned society, Charlemagne can be considered the Father of Feudalism. He formed a structured society based on public participation in the government with assemblies of armed property owners, and he respectfully delegated various individual responsibilities to all.
It was Charlemagne who first attempted to organize his kingdom by dividing his power with various levels of government: an aristocrat appointed as Count controlled the lords and nobles who in turn controlled the serfs or peasants on the fief of each knight. The counts took care of administrative tasks and supervised Church business and an appointed Bishop headed a diocese within certain borders. In those areas where there were potentially volatile situations, Charlemagne appointed a Margrave. By his formulation of the Chapters of Legislation, once a year they all traveled to the king's court at Aachen to convene and to discuss governmental business. Here they presented items for oral vote (out of the jurata, a custom in ninth century Frankish lands where a sworn group of inquirers was used to decide many local issues from land ownership to criminal guilt, came the jury system of modern times). In between these meetings, Charlemagne traveled to the various capitalsof the region, and held assemblies of the nobles where they would hash things out and come to agreement on various issues. They also shared a good time with much joking and talking. Between meetings, a group of emissaries called the missi dominici travelled throughout the kingdom hearing complaints and making sure that things were running smoothly and also collected taxes.
Karl der Große was born of German blood and German language at a place unknown. He could speak ancient Teuton, Latin and Greek and he became king at age twenty-nine. Karl, the second son of Bertrada and Pepin the Short, was born in 751, the year that Pepin declared himself King of the Franks. In 754, Pepin successfully convinced Pope Stephen II to crown him in exchange for defending Italy against the Germanic Lombards, a tribe occupying central and northern Italy. Karl saw war as a child riding with his father's army, and he would continue to personally and physically lead men into battle throughout 53 campaigns in the course of building his empire.
Charlemagne took over the governing of Aachen in 768 AD. The imperial palace was located by the source of warm springs and soon became Charlemagne's permanent residence. As years went by, the town became more and more prosperous. Charlemagne was buried in the Cathedral of Aachen, the construction of which he had personally overseen in 824. The town's ties with Charlemagne were reflected in its numerous architectural heirlooms and memorials.
In 936, Otto I was crowned emperor in the cathedral and the Holy Roman Emperors were crowned in Aachen for the next 600 years.
During the 9th and 10th centuries, Charlemagnes empire was basically divided into two parts, German and French. In the French half (most of present day France), most of the population spoke dialects of Latin, while in the German half, German was spoken... and still is. The Oath of Strasbourg, a document from 842, was written in German and French in recognition of this division and made it official. The French portion of the Frankish kingdom remained united while the German portion broke into many independent states that were not united until 1870.
The concept of feudalism was a combination of German and Roman practices developed and practiced most widely by the Franks, a large confederation of Germanic tribes who, wanting freedom from both other Germans and the Romans, united in the 3rd century AD and adopted the common name "Frank" (derived either from the word "Free" or "Spear"). They were the most successful of the German tribes and by the 4th century, many of them were living in the area of Belgium and the Rhineland as allies of Rome, while other Franks were living in adjacent German territory. The Franks maintained independence and later helped defeat the Huns who were terrorizing Europe.
Since they lived close to the Romans in Gaul for so long, the Franks developed and modeled their own kingdoms in a similar manner to Roman civilization and once Roman authority was gone in the 5th century, many of these Frankish kingdoms united under Merovich (reigned 448-458) whose grandson, Clovis (reigned 481-511) converted to Christianity. The Franks conquered southern France and large parts of Germany. The Franks were so efficient and successful that all Germanic peoples grew to be considered "Franks". The Christian Frankish kingdom continued to develop throughout the 6th century. Unlike the Romans, where officials were selected more for their ability, the ancient German tribes believed that their clan's ruling dynasties were descended from the gods. The Franks incorporated their pagan belief into their new Christianity by having their leaders "annointed" by a bishop. This adaptation to an old German concept allowed the Church to develope the idea of the "Divine Right of Kings", a leader chosen by God. The Franks turned the Roman estate practices into what became known as the Manor System .
By the 8th century, the Frankish warrior on horseback was superior to any European infantry force, and from the 700s to the 1200s, they controled the battlefield. But since maintaining the lifestyle of these knights was an expensive proposition with their costly equipment and families to support, the Frankish kings decided to to introduce a system that would provide trained soliders for the crown and also put reliable men in local positions of authority throughout the kingdom by combining the manor system with all their knights. The noble German was surrounded by loyal Therefore lesser nobles and commoners in a fellowship bound together for mutual protection, and although they farmed and hunted, which was, by the nature of the times, a central element in their lives. The Frankish kingdom culminated in one man: Charlemagne.

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The Cologne Cathedral and Duomo di Salerno

The Cologne Cathedral is
The official name of the Church "High Cathedral of St. Peter and Mary." It is a Roman Catholic church. The Cologne Cathedral is the largest and most popular tourist spot in Germany.
The nave of Cologne Cathedral is 144.00 meters, the longest nave in Germany and one of the longest the world. With a vault height of 43.35 meters, the Cologne Cathedral to the Cathedral of Beauvais (48.50) the second-highest vault in the world. It is also the third highest church in the world. In the ornately gilded most important shrine of the West, the Three Kings, rest remains to be seen as relics of the Three Kings. The construction of the cathedral began on 15 August 1248 and was on 15 completed october 1880th It took many centuries, as people then had no money to complete the construction.


The church official name is' high Cathedral of St. Peter and Mary. It is a Roman Catholic church. The cathedral of Cologne is the most important and most popular sightseeing of Germany. The nave of the Cologne Cathedral is 144 metres long - the longest nave in Germany and one of the longest in the world. The arches in the dome of Cologne have a height of 43,35 metres - and these are the second highest arches in the world besides those in Beauvais (48,50 metres). Furthemore, the Cologne Cathedral is the third highest dome in the world. In the artificial aureate and most important shrine of Occident, called the "Three-Kings-Shrine", some mortal remains are resting which are considered to be the relics of the Three Magi. The Cathedral construction started on 15 April 1248 and it was only finished on 15 October 1880. It took several centuries, because in those days people did not have enough money to finish the construction.

Duomo di Salerno
Salerno Cathedral or Duomo is the main church of the city of Salerno in southern Italy. It is considered the main tourist attraction of the city. It is dedicated to Saint Matthew one of the four Evangelists, whose tomb is inside the Cripta. The Cathedral was built at the center of the Longobard and Norman Salerno, when the city was the capital of the principality of Salerno, in southern Italy (that stretched from the gulf of Naples to the Ionian sea). Begun by Robert Guiscard in 1076 during the episcopate of Alfano I on a pre-existing church (in turn erected over a Roman temple's ruins), the Duomo was consecrated by Pope Gregory VII in 1085.It was several times modified in the following centuries. In 1688 the architect Ferdinando Sanfelice remodeled in Neapolitan Baroque and Rococo Architecture the interior of the Duomo. Finally, a restoration in the 1930s brought it back to an appearance similar to the original one. Historically the Duomo is remembered as the initial symbol of the Italian Renaissance, because inside there it is the tomb of Pope Gregory VII, the Pope of Canossa who started the rejection from Italy of the German domination of the Holy Roman Empire.
The most striking external feature is the bell tower (mid-12th century), with small arcades and mullioned windows, standing 56 m high and in Arabic-Norman style. The façade has a Romanesque portal with Byzantine-style bronze doors from Constantinople (1099), with 56 panels with figures, crosses and stories from Jesus's life. The entrance has a portico with 28 antique columns whose pointed arches, with lava rock intarsia, show influence of Arab art, and contains a series of ancient Roman sarcophagi.
The interior has a nave and two aisles, divided by pilasters in which the original columns are embedded, and three apses. Artworks include two pulpits with mosaic decorations, paintings by Francesco Solimena, a 14th century Gothic statue of Madonna with Child and the sepulchres of queen Margherita of Durazzo, of Roger Borsa and of archbishop Bartolomeo d'Arpano, and the tomb of Gregory VII.
The crypt, believed to house the remains of St. Matthew, is a groin vaulted hall with a basilica-like plan divided by columns. It was restored under design by Domenico Fontana in 1606-1608, with marble decorations added in the 18th century.
The Duomo was damaged during the Operation Avalanche, when the Allies landed in Salerno in September 1943, during World War II.
The Duomo Museum houses artworks from different ages, including the silver statues of the Salernitane Martyrs (13th century) and documents of the renowned Schola Medica Salernitana (the first University of Europe).

Ein herrliches Zeugnis romanischer Kunst stellt der Dom vonSalerno dar. Es handelt sich to the most representative building of the city. The construction began in 1076 in pursuit of Robert Guiscard and the abbot of Montecassino Alfano, who later became bishop of the city. Work on the church lasted until the year 1085, as it then exiled to Salerno by Pope Gregory VII was ordained person. The cathedral is dedicated to St. Matthew the Apostle, whose relics are common with those of other martyrs from Salerno kept in the crypt. In the first half of the 18th Century Baroque style of the building and comprising between 1930-31 and again in 1955 and 1961 dismantled in its original form. About a staircase from the Seicento you get to the Roman lions gate, resting their name on the two Wild cat statues due to their pages - a lion and a lioness nursing -. From this gate, you reach the spacious Atriumshof, which is framed by Spoliensäulen: here are a pool from the nearby Paestum, some tombs of medieval and classical era and see the Campanile was built in 1137-1145 of obvious Moorish style. The access into the interior of the church is a Byzantine bronze door which is located in the center of the facade. In the three-nave interior cross-shaped grave important monuments are kept that are realized from Roman sarcophagi. We find the grave of Queen Margherita of Durazzo, the master Antonio Baboccio, the main pulpit from the XIII. Century and the earlier in the year 1181st Ambo Of great interest are also some paintings by F. Solimena, the floor in the choir, the mosaics of the three apses, of which emerges the right apse, which is also Gregory VII chapel named for the remains of the Pope are buried, but called they also crusade chapel, for one blessed are the weapons of those who went to the Holy Land.

Thursday, May 21, 2009

How To Find Camshaft Sensor Cadillac 96

Testimonianze Norman a Salerno_Norman Remains in Salerno

Il periodo Norman Lascia a Salerno un secolo circa Tues intensa partecipazione all vicende storiche del tempo, i Normanni ingrandirono la cinta muraria che arrivo a circa 3000 metri, fu costruito il Duomo di San Matteo ed il Campanile romanico, fu eretto Castel Terracena, Royal Palace and headquarters of the main events in the city, was built in the Roman aqueduct that crosses the existing road Arce. Meanwhile, the School of Medicine became a "Studium" recognized throughout Europe. The aqueduct
medieval Salerno was erected in the ninth century to supply water to the monastery of San Benedetto at the eastern walls.
It consists of two branches, one coming from the hills to the north, the other from the heights east of the city, and both are reunited at the current Via Arce (which takes its name from their bows) at one edge of the ancient city walls. Initially serving only the Benedictine monastery, later an underground branch allowed to supply the convent of Piantanova in Via Mercanti.
runs partly on arches, for which it was used for the first time the pointed arch.
The aqueduct was popularly dubbed "the Devil's Bridge" and said that it had been built in one night, with the help of demons, the magician of the twelfth century Peter Salerno Barliario. Popular superstition believed also that venture under the arches between dusk and dawn would bring to the encounter with spirits or demons.
Also, the use of 'Gothic arch, a real architectural novelty at the time, you should probably scared, and not a little, the impressionable populace.


In about one century of intense participation in the historical events of the time, the Normans enlarged Salerno walls, that were about 3,000 metres long, they built Saint Matthew’s Cathedral and the Romanesque bell tower, they erected Terracena Castle and a Royal Castle. They also built the Romanesque aqueduct that crosses the present-day Via Arce and founded the Salerno School of Medicine, which began a “Studium” acknowledged all over the Europe.
The Romanesque aqueduct of Salerno was built in the 14th century to provide water to San Benedetto’s Cathedral, near the oriental walls.
It is made up of two branches: one from the north hills, a second branch from the hills to the east of the town; both were rejoined in present-day Via Arce (whose name is derived from their arcs) near an edge of the ancient walls. In a first moment they supplied only the Benedictine monastery, later an underground ramification allowed to supply the convent of the Piantanova, in the Merchants street.
It runs partly on arcades, for which the ogival arc was used for the first time.
The aqueduct was renamed "Bridges of the Devil" and people say that it had been built in one night, with the help of demons, by the magician of the XII century Pietro Barliario. Popular superstition held, besides, that to venture under the arcs between dusk and dawn would have led to the meeting with devils or spirits.
Besides, the use of the ogival arc, true architectural novelty of that age, must probably have frightened, and not a little, the inhabitants of the sensitive area.

Above Lip Wrinkle Creams

Roemer Spas Zülpich

The spa culture is not an invention of the Romans. In ancient Mesopotamia, there were large buildings with baths and toilet facilities, such as the Palace of Mari (2350 BC).
The Romans adopted the idea of public sports and laundries (secondary schools) from the Hellenistic cities of the Greek area. New to the standardization of bathing them in the Roman Empire is a well-defined sequence of courses in public swimming baths. Bath culture was part of everyday life, even in the Provinces. There waived the residents not to swim luxury. The architects placed emphasis on a representative effect of the thermal baths. The finds excavated by archaeologists in Zülpich prove this: For example, there are fragments of architectural decoration. The walls were after that time passed more color and flavor decorated with ornaments.
The Roman Bath House
discovered in the 30 years archaeologists in Zülpich one of the best preserved Roman baths north of the Alps. The sensational discovery was then secured with a simple shelter. be removed as this had to due to dilapidation, it was decided in Zülpich, to build the nearly 400-square-foot spa facility with a museum on the cultural history of bathing. The resulting tour
now provides an insight into the history of bathing - from Roman times to today. A visit to a bathhouse (Spa) belonged to the everyday lives of Romans.
The population used the bath house, not only for bathing, but also as a social meeting place. Each city had such a bathhouse. The number of spas was dependent on the size of the settlement and its inhabitants. Often, emphasis was placed on a luxurious appointments. The more or less elaborate design of the spa, the prosperity of the left on. How
bathed the Romans?
is the heart of every Roman bath complex, the cycle of fresh water supply, water heating and the discharge of used water. From the Mediterranean, the Romans on a very efficient use of water were used to.
This is also seen in Zülpich: First, the water was used as bath water, then to the purification used as flushing water for the latrine, then again to be used. Demand for water is not negligible.
s read city.
The plan
The floor plan of a bath complex was the same throughout the Roman Empire. It consisted of the sequence of three rooms: the cold bath, the warm bath and a hot bath. Prior to that space flight was a locker room. This sequence is also found in the Roman baths in Zülpich. They were built mid-2nd Century AD For fixed facilities next to the floor and wall heating one each in the tub was cold and the hot bath room. They were later supplemented by an additional per tub. A canal south of the baths and washed the waste water disposed of at the same latrine. The tour of the baths could be varied by a visit to the steam room or dry the outdoor complex. As part of the 3rd Century, the building complex was added to a "basilica Thermarum. From there in this multi-purpose sports hall could also be driven. At the same time received a second hot spas and a hot air bath, indicating active use of the residents Tolbiacum was so Zülpich with the Romans, closes perfectly. In this form, the thermal baths existed until the beginning of the 4th Century AD

The technique is the heart of every Roman bath complex, the cycle of fresh water supply, water heating and the discharge of used water. From the Mediterranean the Romans to a very efficient use of water were used to.
This is also seen in Zülpich: First, the water was used as bath water, then cleaning further used to subsequently as flushing water for the latrine again to be used. Demand for water is not negligible. In the absence of chemical treatment had the pool water must be replaced frequently. The warming of the bathrooms was in Zülpich by five fireplaces. A special feature of the baths in Zülpich are some well-preserved floors of terrazzo. These floors rest on piles of bricks. Between them to circulate the heat generated by channels in the walls and climb from there to the roof.